{"id":7945,"date":"2020-08-10T17:30:49","date_gmt":"2020-08-10T15:30:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/?p=7945"},"modified":"2023-11-29T10:57:42","modified_gmt":"2023-11-29T09:57:42","slug":"echinocactus-texensis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/","title":{"rendered":"Echinocactus texensis, an in-depth study of the &#8220;horse crippler&#8221;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The following is an in-depth article on the <em>Echinocactus texensis<\/em> species that I wrote some time ago and which, with my great pleasure, was published in the <em>Cactus World<\/em> magazine, published by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.society.bcss.org.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>British Cactus &amp; Succulents Society<\/strong><\/a> (BCSS). My thanks to editor Al Laius for the publication in the prestigious magazine. (&#8230;)<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>This peculiar cactus has a debatable scientific name and a slew of common ones.\u00a0 <em>Echinocatus texensis<\/em> is an extraordinary cactus, not very well known, and relatively uncommon in cultivation, yet it possesses all the characteristics that make a cactus well-worth growing.\u00a0 These include its compact and rounded appearance, robust and colourful spines, beautiful blooms, resistance to drought and high tolerance to direct sun as well as tolerating low winter temperatures.\u00a0 In addition, it has very decorative deep-red fruits (some of the most beautiful among cacti) and a relative simplicity of cultivation combined with a high predisposition for using the <a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/my-method-of-cultivation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>&#8220;wild&#8221; technique<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0 This means reproducing, as much as possible, the conditions that cacti grow in their habitat, and paying attention to the substrate, direct exposure to the sun, very spartan cultivation, etc.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_80 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Here You can find<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #000000;color:#000000\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Origin_and_habitat\" >Origin and habitat<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Classification_and_common_names\" >Classification and common names<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Description\" >Description<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Flowers_fruits_and_seeds\" >Flowers, fruits and seeds<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Cultivation\" >Cultivation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Propagation\" >Propagation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Literature\" >Literature<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-texensis\/#Correlated_links\" >Correlated links<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Origin_and_habitat\"><\/span>Origin and habitat<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4698\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4698\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-Dal-Panta-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4698 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-Dal-Panta-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Echinocactus texensis Dal Panta\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4698\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E. texensis with fruits (click to enlarge)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Echinocactus texensis<\/em> (or <em>Homalocephala texensis<\/em> according to the original classification by Britton and Rose) is a cactus native to the south-eastern United States, particularly in New Mexico, southwestern Oklahoma and a good part of Texas (hence the name given to this species).\u00a0 It also grows in some Mexican regions, particularly in the north-eastern areas of the Sierra Madre, in Coahuila, Nuevo L\u00e9on, and Tamaulipas states.\u00a0 According to some sources, this species also grows in Chihuahua, Durango and Zacatecas. <em>E. texensis<\/em> <strong>grows from near sea-level up to 1,000m in very heterogeneous sub-desert areas<\/strong>: from xerophilous (arid) scrub to grasslands, broad clearings in forested areas, plains, valleys, and low hills. This indicates that the soils into where <em>E. texensis<\/em> sinks its roots can be highly variable, but are primarily calcareous and sandy. One thing is certain, and that is that this cactus almost always grows hidden among grasses or in areas where there is some vegetation consisting of bushes and small shrubs.\u00a0 The presence of shrubs and grasses indicate a <strong>substrate richer in organic matter<\/strong> than that in which some other cacti thrive (eg <em>Ariocarpus<\/em> and <em>Pelecyphora<\/em>).\u00a0 Dying and decomposing as an effect of short life cycles resulting from the aridity of these regions, the grasses enrich the organic component of the soil, and provide nutrients that would not otherwise occur.\u00a0 We therefore need to bear in mind then that in cultivating <em>E. texensis<\/em> we should think about using substrates that are not too poor in organic material, in particular with young specimens.<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classification_and_common_names\"><\/span>Classification and common names<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4700\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4700\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-frutti-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4700 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-frutti-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Frutti di Echinocactus texensis\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4700\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E. texensis, fruits (click to enlarge)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>If the scientific name is debatable from the point of view of classification, namely <em>Homalocephala texensis<\/em> or <em>Echinocactus texensis<\/em>, then common names abound.\u00a0 In the US, where these plants grow, they are called Candy Cactus, Devil\u2019s Head Cactus, Devil\u2019s Pincushion, or Horse Crippler.\u00a0 In Mexico, <em>E. texensis<\/em> is also commonly called Mancacaballo, Monco Caballo or Viznaga (Anderson, 2001: 227\u2013229). <strong>Regarding its scientific classification<\/strong>, for many years this plant has been included in the genus <em>Homalocephala<\/em> by Britton and Rose, where it contained just one species, <em>H. texensis<\/em>. \u00a0Later on, several authors decided to eliminate the genus <em>Homalocephala<\/em> and move the species <em>texensis<\/em> into the genus <em>Echinocactus<\/em>, together with the species<em> grusonii<\/em>, <em>platyacanthus<\/em> (<em>ingens<\/em>), <em>horizonthalonius<\/em>, <em>parryi<\/em> and <em>polycephalus<\/em>. In recent years, reopening the debate, many researchers believe it is appropriate to restore the genus <em>Homalocephala<\/em>, including the species<em> texensis<\/em>, <em>parryi<\/em> and <em>polycephalus<\/em>. \u00a0In support of this, a study by several authors (Vargas-Luna et al, 2018), address the issue from a genetic point of view.\u00a0 In the introduction, the authors argue, \u201c<em>\u2026we propose to recognize a monophyletic Echinocactus and a monophyletic Homalocephala as two distinct genera with their molecular and morphological synapomorphies<\/em>\u201d. In summary, if we follow their work, the genus <em>Echinocactus<\/em> will contain only the species <em>grusonii<\/em>, <em>platyacanthus<\/em> and <em>horizonthalonius<\/em>, and the genus <em>Homalocephala<\/em> will include <em>texensis<\/em>, <em>parryi<\/em> and <em>polycephalus<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>To further complicate our lives, we find that in the original genus <em>Echinocactus<\/em> there were four taxa: <em>E. polycephalus subsp. xeranthemoides, E. polycephalus subsp. polycephalus, E. horizonthalonius subsp. nicholii<\/em> (L.D. Benson) and <em>E. horizonthalonius subsp. horizonthalonius<\/em> (Coulter, 1896, Benson, 1969). \u00a0Strictly speaking, accepting the new distinction, the two <em>E. polycephalus<\/em> taxa would now be considered to belong to the genus <em>Homalocephala<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Description\"><\/span>Description<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4699\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4699\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-fiore-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4699 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-fiore-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Echinocactus texensis in fiore\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4699\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E. texensis in bloom (click to enlarge)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Echinocactus<\/em> (or <em>Homalocephala<\/em>)<em> texensis<\/em> is a solitary plant that does not offset, even in old age (unless it has suffered damage to the growing point). \u00a0The formative stem shape is globular, but with time it assumes a flattened shape, depressed at the apex. \u00a0In nature, the body can be up to 20cm high, with a diameter of about 30cm. \u00a0The stem is divided into very pronounced ribs with a thin, sharp edge; in adult specimens, the number of ribs varies from a dozen to 25, Anderson (2001) records 27, and Lodi (1997) 25. \u00a0The body colour is light green or dark green (<strong>during the winter, it can redden, especially along the ribs<\/strong>) and the areoles, from which the spines appear, are quite widely spaced. \u00a0In young specimens, the areoles are woolly, a detail that is common to all <em>Echinocactus<\/em>, at least in their development phase.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The spines<\/strong>, initially thin and weak, become wide, thick and very strong. \u00a0In adult specimens, there are six radial spines (Lodi notes 6 or 7 of them) up to 4 or 5cm in length, and a central spine up to 7cm long (exceptionally even more), thick and broad, flattened, sharp and slightly curved downward at the end. Some may have a short, thick central spine. I think this variability may be determined by a genetic response to local conditions. New spines are red, but they tend to fade to pink, greyish and almost white lower down.\u00a0 The spine surface shows transverse ridges that testify to the age of the plant. \u00a0They are velvety to the touch, and when wet, the spines of <em>E. texensis<\/em> take on a brilliant, showy, bright-red colour. The phenomena of longitudinal \u2018splitting\u2019 of the central spine is sometimes observed in<em> E. texensis<\/em>, in effect producing a forked central spine. I have observed this in photos, but it has never happened in my collection.<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Flowers_fruits_and_seeds\"><\/span>Flowers, fruits and seeds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4719\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4719\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-semi-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4719 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-semi-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Semi di Echinocactus texensis\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4719\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E. texensis, seeds (click to enlarge)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The flowers of <em>E. texensis<\/em> are pale pink to white, with a red or orange throat, and emerge at the apex in spring, usually around April. \u00a0The corollas can reach a diameter of 5\u20136cm, and the tepals have the peculiarity of terminal fringing. The yellow stigma lobes provide a handsome contrast. \u00a0The aspect and consistency of the flowers are reminiscent of silk. \u00a0I am not aware that the flowers are self-fertile (ie able to pollinate themselves). \u00a0Nevertheless, I have noticed that both <strong>pollination and the consequent formation of the fruit are very easy<\/strong>. The <strong>fruits<\/strong>, which form from the end of May, are very large and showy (up to 3\u20134cm in diameter and 4\u20135cm long), fleshy, and at the same time extremely firm in texture. \u00a0They are bright red and have smooth skin interspersed with small scales. \u00a0According to some authors, the fruits are edible, and because they are (or were) utilised for producing candies, these plants are also called Candy Cactus. \u00a0However, I do not have any direct evidence of this, and the definition of Candy Cactus could be simply due to the appearance of plants with ripe fruits, which can resemble small sweets. <strong>The seeds are medium-sized<\/strong>, not as large as those of <em>Opuntia<\/em>, for example, but easily handled, oblong and black in colour with a shiny cuticle.<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cultivation\"><\/span>Cultivation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4704\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4704\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-wild-vaso-deformato-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4704 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-wild-vaso-deformato-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Echinocactus texensis wild con vaso deformato\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4704\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E. texensis in full sun (click to enlarge)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The cultivation of <em>E. texensis<\/em> is easy enough, much like all species in the genus <em>Echinocactus<\/em>, with the exception of <em>E. polycephalus<\/em>, which is regarded as difficult and not recommended for the less experienced. \u00a0In over twenty years of growing <em>E. texensis<\/em> I have noticed only one problem, which is that this plant seems to be <strong>inclined to lose its roots much more easily than other cacti<\/strong>. \u00a0In my opinion, it may be due to environmental stress or using the wrong potting soil. Over the years, I have experimented with different soils for <em>E. texensis<\/em>, from purely mineral substrates to mixtures richer in organic matter (peat or earthworm humus). \u00a0The results indicate that these plants need a fair amount of organic matter in the substrate, not only when they are still seedlings but also as adults. It is no coincidence that the best results have been obtained by growing <em>E. texensis<\/em> in a mix of equal parts of pumice, grit and peat. \u00a0I had mediocre results with potting soils made of field soil (loam), aggregates such as pumice, and a small part of peat or humus (maximum 10%). \u00a0I have never experimented with <a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/marl-cacti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>marl (a type of fine clay)<\/strong><\/a> with these plants, but I do not rule out trying it as soon as possible in percentages not exceeding 50% and with the addition of at least 30% organic material. <em>E. texensis<\/em>, like all <em>Echinocactus<\/em>, <strong>need lots of light<\/strong>. As the plants reach at least three or four years old, from the end of March, they will benefit from being gradually introduced to full sunlight. Proper exposure will go a long way toward forming strong spines and keeping the body low and compact.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4697\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4697\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4697 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-2-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Echinocactus texensis in fiore\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4697\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">E. texensis, flowers (click to enlarge)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As far as temperatures are concerned, these cacti are very tolerant and resistant.\u00a0 They can easily stand the blazing sun with more than 40\u00b0C, provided they are kept outdoors and have plenty of air movement. \u00a0During the European winter, if kept completely dry from late September, they can go well below freezing without damage. \u00a0I had specimens that have spent a few nights at -10\u00b0C and, except for a slight reddening of the epidermis, which disappeared with the arrival of spring, they did not suffer any damage. \u00a0According to some sources, <em>E. texensis<\/em> can withstand temperatures as low as -18\u00b0C, but I have no direct experience of this. The <a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/water-cacti-succulents\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>watering<\/strong><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/fertilizer-cacti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>fertilising<\/strong><\/a> regime does not differ from that of most cacti.\u00a0 I give plenty of water in the growing season, from April to September, as long as the soil has time to dry between watering, and no water at all from the end of September to the end of March. \u00a0Some recommend watering <em>E. texensis<\/em> lightly, but even using potting soils with 30% organic content, I have never experienced rot, even with heavy watering. \u00a0I keep several specimens outside the greenhouse, which have experienced a week\u2019s worth of rain on several occasions with no loss of life or damage.<\/p>\n<p>All my plants, including <em>E. texensis<\/em>, receive a low-nitrogen cactus fertiliser a couple of times a year during the growing season as the slightly more organic substrate which I use already helps provide some nutrients. I have noticed that <em>E. texensis<\/em> comes into growth quite early, at least here in Northern Italy, starting from the end of February, when they begin to produce new spines.<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Propagation\"><\/span>Propagation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p>The only way to reproduce this species is by sowing seed, since they do not produce offsets. \u00a0The procedure is probably easier when compared to the sowing of some other cacti by the fact that the seeds of <em>E. texensis<\/em> are easy to handle because of their larger size.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4725\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4725\" style=\"width: 150px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-rinvasati.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4725 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Echinocactus-texensis-rinvasati-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"Echinocactus texensis rinvasati\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4725\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young specimens from seeds (click to enlarge)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>According to most growers, <em>E. texensis<\/em> seeds do not need any special treatment, such as scarification, which is necessary or strongly recommended to germinate <em>Echinocactus horizonthalonius<\/em>, <em>E. parryi<\/em> and <em>E. polycephalus<\/em>. \u00a0From my experience,<em> E. texensis<\/em> seeds germinate well without any treatment. \u00a0However, some growers suggest that scarification could further increase germination if done correctly. I have always sowed <em>E. texensis<\/em> in natural light and heat, in April, without any particular procedure, except to soak the seeds for 24 hours with the sole purpose of hydrating them and softening the cuticle, which seems to me to be quite leathery. \u00a0I am planning some experiments with both scarified and non-scarified seeds, having many at my disposal originating from plants grown under the same conditions.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/sow-cactus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>How to sow cacti and succulent plants<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Literature\"><\/span>Literature<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Anderson, E. F. (2001) <em>The Cactus Family<\/em>. Timber Press.<\/li>\n<li>Lodi, G. (1997) <em>Le mie piante grasse<\/em>. Edagricole. pp 75\u201376.<\/li>\n<li>Vargas-Luna, M D et al (2018) <em>Splitting Echinocactus: morphological and molecular evidence support the recognition of Homalocephala as a distinct genus in the Cacteae<\/em>. PhytoKeys 111: 31\u201359.<\/li>\n<li>Vermeulen, N. (1999)<em> Cactus<\/em>. Idea Libri Srl. pp 56.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Correlated_links\"><\/span>Correlated links<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/shop-products\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Cultivation cards in pdf<\/strong><\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/category\/knowledge\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Knowledge and curiosity<\/strong><\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/echinocactus-grusonii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Echinocactus grusonii: a little history<\/b><\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/my-method-of-cultivation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Wild cultivation<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff; background-color: #008000;\"><strong>\u00a0SUBSCRIBE TO THE SITE\u00a0<\/strong><\/span> &#8211; If you liked this article, subscribe to the site to have unlimited access to all the contents for one year or three months depending on the formula you choose. <a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/myshop\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Here you will find terms and conditions<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ffffff; background-color: #008000;\">\u00a0SUBSCRIBE TO THE NEWSLETTER\u00a0<\/span><\/strong> &#8211; If you want to receive the <strong>free newsletter<\/strong> every time new content is published, <a href=\"https:\/\/ilfioretralespine.it\/en\/subscribe-to-the-newsletter\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>fill in the fields at this link!<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993300;\"><em><strong>\u00a9 The texts, videos, photos and graphic elaborations of the site &#8220;Il fiore tra le spine&#8221; are original material and are covered by copyright. It&#8217;s forbidden to reproduce them in any way.<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The following is an in-depth article on the Echinocactus texensis species that I wrote some time ago and which, with my great pleasure, was published in the Cactus World magazine, published by the British Cactus &amp; Succulents Society (BCSS). My thanks to editor Al Laius for the publication in the prestigious magazine. (&#8230;)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4703,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[591,1690],"tags":[1413,1414,1410,1285,1411,1072,1232,1409,1408,1386,1412,1491,1407,1067],"class_list":["post-7945","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-free-content","category-succulents-en","tag-bcss-2","tag-british-cactus-succulents-society","tag-candy-cactus","tag-curiosity","tag-devils-head-cactus","tag-echinocactus-2","tag-free-content","tag-homalocephala-2","tag-horse-crippler-2","tag-knowledge","tag-mancacaballo","tag-plant-of-the-day","tag-texensis-2","tag-thorns-2"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Echinocactus texensis, an in-depth study of the &quot;horse crippler&quot;<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" 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